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História da Antártida: mudanças entre as edições

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Depois de se separar de [[Gonduana]], a Antártica ( ou [[Antártida]])
Depois de se separar de [[Gonduana]], a Antártica (ou [[Antártida]])
vagou lentamente para sua atual posição sobre o [[Pólo Sul]].It has been covered with ice since approximately the beginning of the Pliocene, about 5 million years ago.
vagou lentamente para sua atual posição sobre o [[Pólo Sul]].It has been covered with ice since approximately the beginning of the Pliocene, about 5 million years ago.


O Capitão [[James Cook]] e as tripulações do ''Resolution'' e do ''Adventure'' cruzaram o [[Círculo Polar Antártico]] três vezes entre [[1772]] e [[1775]] desfazendo o mito da [[Terra Australis]],although ice packs prevented him from seeing the continent itself.
O Capitão [[James Cook]] e as tripulações do ''Resolution'' e do ''Adventure'' cruzaram o [[Círculo Polar Antártico]] três vezes entre [[1772]] e [[1775]] desfazendo o mito da [[Terra Australis]], although ice packs prevented him from seeing the continent itself.


O primeiro avistamento confirmado da Antártica não pode ser precisamente atribuído a uma só pessoa.  According to the [[National Science Foundation]][1], [[US House of Representatives]]' Peter DeFazio[2], [[NASA]][3] and the [[University of California San Diego]][4] [[Fabian von Bellingshausen]], a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; [[Edward Bransfield]], a captain in the British navy; [[Nathaniel Palmer]], an American sealer out of [[Stonington, Connecticut]], all sighted Antarctica within days or weeks of each other.  Bransfield supposedly saw Antarctica on [[January 27]], [[1820]], three days before Palmer sighted land.
O primeiro avistamento confirmado da Antártica não pode ser precisamente atribuído a uma só pessoa.  According to the [[National Science Foundation]][1], [[US House of Representatives]]' Peter DeFazio[2], [[NASA]][3] and the [[University of California San Diego]][4] [[Fabian von Bellingshausen]], a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; [[Edward Bransfield]], a captain in the British navy; [[Nathaniel Palmer]], an American sealer out of [[Stonington, Connecticut]], all sighted Antarctica within days or weeks of each other.  Bransfield supposedly saw Antarctica on [[27 de Janeiro]], [[1820]], three days before Palmer sighted land.


The first landing on Antarctica was arguably only slightly more than a year later by American sealer, Captain John Davis.  Davis claimed to have set foot on Antarctica on [[February 7th]], [[1821]][6][7][8].
The first landing on Antarctica was arguably only slightly more than a year later by American sealer, Captain John Davis.  Davis claimed to have set foot on Antarctica on [[7 de Fevereiro]], [[1821]][6][7][8].


Depois do [[Pólo Magnético Norte]] ser localizado em [[1831]], exploradores e cientistas começam a busca pelo [[Pólo Magnético Sul]]. Um destes exploradores, [[James Clark Ross]], identificou sua localização aproximada, mas foi incapaz de alcança-lo. Ele também  mapeou a [[banquisa Ross]], como foi chamada mais tarde por ele.
Depois do [[Pólo Magnético Norte]] ser localizado em [[1831]], exploradores e cientistas começam a busca pelo [[Pólo Magnético Sul]]. Um destes exploradores, [[James Clark Ross]], identificou sua localização aproximada, mas foi incapaz de alcançá-lo. Ele também  mapeou a [[banquisa Ross]], como foi chamada mais tarde por ele.


Em [[1897]], uma expedição liderada pelo belga [[Adrian de Gerlache]] deixou [[Antuérpia]], [[Bélgica]] com destino a Antárctica. A tripulação multinacional incluía um zoólogo romeno ([[Emile Racovitza]]), um geológo polonês ([[Henryk Arctowski]]), um navegador/astrônomo belga ([[George Lecointe]]), vários noruegueses, incluindo [[Roald Amundsen]] e um médico americano, Dr. [[Frederick A. Cook]]. In [[1898]], they became the first men to spend the winter  on Antarctica, when their ship [[BELGICA]] became trapped in the ice. They became stuck on [[28 February]] [[1898]], and only managed to get out of the ice on [[14 March]] [[1899]]. During their forced stay, several men lost their sanity, not only because of the Antarctic winter night and the endured hardship, but also because of the language problems between the different nationalities.
Em [[1897]], uma expedição liderada pelo belga [[Adrian de Gerlache]] deixou [[Antuérpia]], [[Bélgica]] com destino a Antárctica. A tripulação multinacional incluía um zoólogo romeno ([[Emile Racovitza]]), um geólogo polonês ([[Henryk Arctowski]]), um navegador/astrônomo belga ([[George Lecointe]]), vários noruegueses, incluindo [[Roald Amundsen]] e um médico americano, Dr. [[Frederick A. Cook |Frederick Cook]]. Em [[1898]], eles se tornaram os primeiros homens a passar o inverno na Antárctica, quando seu navio [[BELGICA]] ficou preso pelo gelo. Ficaram impedidos de prosseguir em [[28 de Fevereiro]] de [[1898]], e só manobraram para fora do gelo em [[14 de Março]] de [[1899]]. Durante sua permanência forçada, vários homens perderam sua sanidade, não só por causa da noite do inverno antártico e do sofrimento suportado, mas também por causa dos problemas de comunicação entre as diferentes nacionalidades.


The ''National Antarctic Expedition'' ([[1901]] - [[1904]]), led by [[Robert Falcon Scott]], came to within 480 statute miles of the South Pole.
The ''National Antarctic Expedition'' ([[1901]] - [[1904]]), led by [[Robert Falcon Scott]], came to within 480 statute miles of the South Pole.
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[[Ernest Shackleton]], who had been a member of Scott's expedition, organized and led the ''British Antarctic Expedition'' ([[1907]] - [[1909]]), again with the primary objective of reaching the South Pole, and came within 97 miles before having to turn back.
[[Ernest Shackleton]], who had been a member of Scott's expedition, organized and led the ''British Antarctic Expedition'' ([[1907]] - [[1909]]), again with the primary objective of reaching the South Pole, and came within 97 miles before having to turn back.


On [[December 14]], [[1911]], a party led by Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] became the first to reach the [[South Pole]], followed by [[Robert Falcon Scott]] over a month later.  Scott's party later died on the return journey after being delayed by a blizzard.
Em [[14 de Dezembro]] de [[1911]], um grupo liderado pelo explorador polar norueguês [[Roald Amundsen]] veio a ser o primeiro a alcançar o [[Pólo Sul]], seguido por [[Robert Falcon Scott]] um mês depois.  Scott e seu grupo vieram a morrer na viagem de volta depois de serem atrasados por uma nevasca.


The ''Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition'' of [[1914]], led by Ernest Shackleton, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, the ''Endurance'' was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed.  The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island. Then Shackelton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean, in an open boat, and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at a whaling station.
The ''Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition'' of [[1914]], led by Ernest Shackleton, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, the ''Endurance'' was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed.  The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island. Then Shackelton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean, in an open boat, and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at a whaling station.
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[[US Navy]] Rear Admiral [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]] led five expeditions to Antarctica during the [[1930s]], [[1940s]], and [[1950s]].  He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on November 28 and 29, [[1929]], to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926.  Byrd's explorations had science as a major objective and pioneered the use of aircraft on the continent.  Byrd is attributed with doing more for Antarctic exploration than any other explorer.  His expeditions set the scene for modern Antarctic exploration and research.
[[US Navy]] Rear Admiral [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]] led five expeditions to Antarctica during the [[1930s]], [[1940s]], and [[1950s]].  He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on November 28 and 29, [[1929]], to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926.  Byrd's explorations had science as a major objective and pioneered the use of aircraft on the continent.  Byrd is attributed with doing more for Antarctic exploration than any other explorer.  His expeditions set the scene for modern Antarctic exploration and research.


It was not until [[October 31]], [[1956]] that anyone set foot on the south pole again; on that day [[US Navy]] Rear Admiral George Dufek[5] (and others) successfully landed a R4D Skytrain ([[Douglas DC-3]]) aircraft.
It was not until [[31 de Outubro]], [[1956]] that anyone set foot on the south pole again; on that day [[US Navy]] Rear Admiral George Dufek[5] (and others) successfully landed a R4D Skytrain ([[Douglas DC-3]]) aircraft.


During the [[International Geophysical Year]] of [[1957]] a large number of expeditions were mounted.  
Durante o [[Ano Geofísico Internacional]] de [[1957]] um grande número de expedições foram montadas.  


New Zealand mountaineer [[Edmund Hillary]], led an expedition using farm tractors equipped for polar travel, arrived at the Pole in late [[1957]], the first expedition since Scott's to reach the South Pole over land.  Hillary was laying supply depots for the British Trans-Antarctic expedition and in typical Hillary style "detoured" to the pole because the trip had gone well. Then in [[1958]], British explorer [[Vivian Fuchs]] led a successful overland transpolar expedition that completed the journey that Shackelton had first envisaged.
New Zealand mountaineer [[Edmund Hillary]], led an expedition using farm tractors equipped for polar travel, arrived at the Pole in late [[1957]], the first expedition since Scott's to reach the South Pole over land.  Hillary was laying supply depots for the British Trans-Antarctic expedition and in typical Hillary style "detoured" to the pole because the trip had gone well. Then in [[1958]], British explorer [[Vivian Fuchs]] led a successful overland transpolar expedition that completed the journey that Shackelton had first envisaged.


The [[Antarctic Treaty]] was signed on [[December 1]], [[1959]] and came into force on [[June 23]], [[1961]].
O [[Tratado Antártico]] foi assinado em [[1 de Dezembro]] de [[1959]] e entrou em vigor em [[23 de Junho]] de [[1961]].


A baby, named [[Emilio Palma|Emilio Marcos de Palma]], was born near [[Hope Bay]] on [[January 7]], [[1978]], becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born farther south than anyone in history. The mother had been sent there by the Argentine government as to become the first country with a child born there.
A baby, named [[Emilio Palma|Emilio Marcos de Palma]], was born near [[Hope Bay]] on [[7 de Janeiro]], [[1978]], becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born farther south than anyone in history. The mother had been sent there by the Argentine government as to become the first country with a child born there.


On [[November 28]], [[1979]], an [[Air New Zealand]] [[DC-10]], on a sightseeing trip, crashed into [[Mount Erebus]], on [[Ross Island]], killing all 257 people on board. The accident effectively put an end to commercial airlines operating sightseeing flights to the continent, due to perceived risks and remoteness from search and rescue services.
Em [[28 de Novembro]] de [[1979]], um  [[DC-10]] da [[Air New Zealand]], em uma viagem turística, se chocou com o [[Monte Erebus]], na [[ilha Ross], matando todas as 257 pessoas a bordo. O  acidente efetivamente pôs um fim as linhas aéreas comerciais operando voôs turísticos para o continente, devido ao risco e ao  longínquo local para os serviços de busca e salvamento.


In [[March 2002]] the 2,120 square statute mile [[Iceberg B-22]] broke off from the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] and the
In [[March 2002]] the 2,120 square statute mile [[Iceberg B-22]] broke off from the [[Thwaites Ice Tongue]] and the
[[Larsen B ice shelf]] on the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] shattered into small fragments.  The ice shelf was
[[Larsen B ice shelf]] on the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] shattered into small fragments.  The ice shelf was
200 metres thick and had a surface area of 3,250 square kilometers.
200 metres thick and had a surface area of 3,250 square kilometers.

Edição das 23h16min de 13 de junho de 2004

Predefinição:Emtraducao2

Depois de se separar de Gonduana, a Antártica (ou Antártida) vagou lentamente para sua atual posição sobre o Pólo Sul.It has been covered with ice since approximately the beginning of the Pliocene, about 5 million years ago.

O Capitão James Cook e as tripulações do Resolution e do Adventure cruzaram o Círculo Polar Antártico três vezes entre 1772 e 1775 desfazendo o mito da Terra Australis, although ice packs prevented him from seeing the continent itself.

O primeiro avistamento confirmado da Antártica não pode ser precisamente atribuído a uma só pessoa. According to the National Science Foundation[1], US House of Representatives' Peter DeFazio[2], NASA[3] and the University of California San Diego[4] Fabian von Bellingshausen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; Edward Bransfield, a captain in the British navy; Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut, all sighted Antarctica within days or weeks of each other. Bransfield supposedly saw Antarctica on 27 de Janeiro, 1820, three days before Palmer sighted land.

The first landing on Antarctica was arguably only slightly more than a year later by American sealer, Captain John Davis. Davis claimed to have set foot on Antarctica on 7 de Fevereiro, 1821[6][7][8].

Depois do Pólo Magnético Norte ser localizado em 1831, exploradores e cientistas começam a busca pelo Pólo Magnético Sul. Um destes exploradores, James Clark Ross, identificou sua localização aproximada, mas foi incapaz de alcançá-lo. Ele também mapeou a banquisa Ross, como foi chamada mais tarde por ele.

Em 1897, uma expedição liderada pelo belga Adrian de Gerlache deixou Antuérpia, Bélgica com destino a Antárctica. A tripulação multinacional incluía um zoólogo romeno (Emile Racovitza), um geólogo polonês (Henryk Arctowski), um navegador/astrônomo belga (George Lecointe), vários noruegueses, incluindo Roald Amundsen e um médico americano, Dr. Frederick Cook. Em 1898, eles se tornaram os primeiros homens a passar o inverno na Antárctica, quando seu navio BELGICA ficou preso pelo gelo. Ficaram impedidos de prosseguir em 28 de Fevereiro de 1898, e só manobraram para fora do gelo em 14 de Março de 1899. Durante sua permanência forçada, vários homens perderam sua sanidade, não só por causa da noite do inverno antártico e do sofrimento suportado, mas também por causa dos problemas de comunicação entre as diferentes nacionalidades.

The National Antarctic Expedition (1901 - 1904), led by Robert Falcon Scott, came to within 480 statute miles of the South Pole.

Ernest Shackleton, who had been a member of Scott's expedition, organized and led the British Antarctic Expedition (1907 - 1909), again with the primary objective of reaching the South Pole, and came within 97 miles before having to turn back.

Em 14 de Dezembro de 1911, um grupo liderado pelo explorador polar norueguês Roald Amundsen veio a ser o primeiro a alcançar o Pólo Sul, seguido por Robert Falcon Scott um mês depois. Scott e seu grupo vieram a morrer na viagem de volta depois de serem atrasados por uma nevasca.

The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, led by Ernest Shackleton, set out to cross the continent via the pole, but their ship, the Endurance was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed. The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island. Then Shackelton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean, in an open boat, and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at a whaling station.

US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd led five expeditions to Antarctica during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on November 28 and 29, 1929, to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926. Byrd's explorations had science as a major objective and pioneered the use of aircraft on the continent. Byrd is attributed with doing more for Antarctic exploration than any other explorer. His expeditions set the scene for modern Antarctic exploration and research.

It was not until 31 de Outubro, 1956 that anyone set foot on the south pole again; on that day US Navy Rear Admiral George Dufek[5] (and others) successfully landed a R4D Skytrain (Douglas DC-3) aircraft.

Durante o Ano Geofísico Internacional de 1957 um grande número de expedições foram montadas.

New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary, led an expedition using farm tractors equipped for polar travel, arrived at the Pole in late 1957, the first expedition since Scott's to reach the South Pole over land. Hillary was laying supply depots for the British Trans-Antarctic expedition and in typical Hillary style "detoured" to the pole because the trip had gone well. Then in 1958, British explorer Vivian Fuchs led a successful overland transpolar expedition that completed the journey that Shackelton had first envisaged.

O Tratado Antártico foi assinado em 1 de Dezembro de 1959 e entrou em vigor em 23 de Junho de 1961.

A baby, named Emilio Marcos de Palma, was born near Hope Bay on 7 de Janeiro, 1978, becoming the first baby born on the continent. He also was born farther south than anyone in history. The mother had been sent there by the Argentine government as to become the first country with a child born there.

Em 28 de Novembro de 1979, um DC-10 da Air New Zealand, em uma viagem turística, se chocou com o Monte Erebus, na [[ilha Ross], matando todas as 257 pessoas a bordo. O acidente efetivamente pôs um fim as linhas aéreas comerciais operando voôs turísticos para o continente, devido ao risco e ao longínquo local para os serviços de busca e salvamento.

In March 2002 the 2,120 square statute mile Iceberg B-22 broke off from the Thwaites Ice Tongue and the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula shattered into small fragments. The ice shelf was 200 metres thick and had a surface area of 3,250 square kilometers.

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